The phrase “Scientific Method” is referring to a range of methods for investigating phenomena, for collecting new knowledge, or amending and collating previously obtained knowledge. To be termed scientific, there must be in place a system of gathering observable, empirical and quantifiable evidence, which is subject to certain principles reasoning. The Oxford English Dictionary defines scientific method as: “a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.”

Although procedures differ from one field of inquiry to another, there are certain distinguishing characteristics of scientific inquiry which set it apart from all other methods of obtaining knowledge. A scientific researcher will propose a hypothesis as an explanations of a phenomenon, and will set up experimental studies in order that he can test this hypothesis (or hypotheses). It is necessary that these steps are repeatable, so that future results can be predicted. Theories that include larger domains of inquiry may be composed of many independently-derived hypotheses. These are combined in a coherent, supportive structure. New hypotheses may be formed as a result of theories, or theories may help to place groups of hypotheses into context.

Scientific research is mainly intended to be as objective as possible, so that any biased interpretations of results are avoided. Another requirement is detailed documentation and effective archiving of all data and methods. This will faciliatate careful scrutiny by other scientists, and will enabe them to verify the previous results by repeating the processes. Thisis commonly referred to as full disclosure, and it also enables the data to be tested for reliability.

Scientific methodology is not a modern concept by any means. It has been practiced in various forms for a thousand years or more. But it has proven difficult to arrive at a standard formula for this method.There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method, however. This was noted by William Whewell in his “History of Inductive Science” (1837). He stated that experience alone is not a sufficient basis for scientific method, and that “invention, sagacity and genius” are needed at every step along the way.
In the 20th century, a model was formulated for scientific method:

1. Use your experience: Evaluate the problem and try to rationalize it. Check for previous explanations. If the problem is a new one, move on to step 2.
2. Form a conjecture: When there is nothing else known yet, try to articlulate an explanation, to yourself or to someone else.
3. From that explanation, arrive at a prediction: If you assume 2 is true, what are the consequences?
4. Test: Look at the opposite of each consequence in order to disprove 2.